How Testing Came to Dominate American Schools

How Testing Came to Dominate American Schools

PDF How Testing Came to Dominate American Schools Download

  • Author: Gerard Giordano
  • Publisher: Peter Lang
  • ISBN: 9780820472553
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 314

Although originally designed as instruments to gauge students' progress, tests eventually were used to modify curricula, learning materials, pedagogy, and many practical features of schooling. Tests were employed to shape attitudes toward national issues such as employment, immigration, and defense. Worried about the enormous consequences that were at stake, advocates and opponents pitched their cases to educators, parents, journalists, and policymakers and also targeted special audiences. Testing proponents pleaded with military leaders, businesspeople, and scholastic publishers while their adversaries appealed to job seekers, college applicants, racial minorities, and anti-establishmentarians. This book illustrates how all of these parties showed interest; many became passionate; and some decisively influenced the course of American educational testing.


Testing in American Schools

Testing in American Schools

PDF Testing in American Schools Download

  • Author:
  • Publisher:
  • ISBN:
  • Category : Educational tests and measurements
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 56


Schoolteachers in the News

Schoolteachers in the News

PDF Schoolteachers in the News Download

  • Author: Kathryn Shine
  • Publisher: Cambria Press
  • ISBN: 1621967972
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 265

Research examining how schoolteachers have been represented in the news is scarce. This is noteworthy, given the recognition that the news media has an influential agenda-setting function, plays a pivotal role in shaping public opinion, and can influence educational policy. Indeed, there is a view amongst some authorities that education policy and news media coverage are irrevocably interconnected. Specifically in relation to newspapers, research indicates that their coverage can be particularly influential in informing and influencing public debate and policy about a variety of educational issues. Research has also been conducted on the reactions of teachers, reporting that they perceive news media coverage as important in shaping public opinion and education policy, as well as affecting their relationships with families, friends, and the community. Teachers in various countries have also expressed frustration at what they have perceived as a negative focus in coverage. Furthermore, news media coverage has been seen to play a role to the decline in the status of teaching that has been documented by researchers from many developed countries over the past three decades. It has been claimed that contemporary news media coverage has led to greater scrutiny and criticism of the teaching profession than ever before, with educators increasingly having to explain and justify their work. In addition to the widespread concern about the decline in the status of teaching, many countries are experiencing ongoing teacher recruitment and retention problems. Despite this, very few studies have considered how schoolteachers and teaching as a profession are depicted in the news media. Particularly scarce are investigations with a historical dimension. This book helps fill the gap by examining the reporting in The West Australian newspaper, one of the oldest newspapers in Australia and a daily publication since 1885. It is offered as a contribution towards rectifying the deficit in the corpus of work on how newspapers have depicted teachers and points the way towards one of a number of avenues of research that other scholars in the field could take for various contexts (including different countries) and time periods. The specific aim of the study is to provide a historical analysis of The West Australiannewspaper’s representation of teachers over two decades. To that end, it examines the portrayal of teachers in its reporting of five major educational developments in the state of Western Australia that were the subject of sustained coverage at various times between 1987 and 2007: ‘unit curriculum’ (1987–1989), ‘industrial dispute’ (1995), ‘standardised testing’ (1997–2001), ‘teacher shortage’ (1997–2007), and ‘outcomes-based education’ (2005–2007). Although the study focused on The West Australian newspaper, the topics chosen reflect the international trends and universal issues in education. Each of the topics in the study is located within the broader context of related developments internationally, and especially in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Three key representations of teachers are identified: negative representations, sympathetic representations, and positive representations. The negative representations refer to coverage which is overtly critical of teachers such as reporting which condemns teachers for taking industrial action, the sympathetic representations relate to reporting which typically presents teachers as stressed, overburdened and powerless; and the positive representations show teachers as valued by the community and devoted to their students and work. The central argument of the study is that The West Australian’s coverage was dominated by both negative and sympathetic representations of schoolteachers, while positive representations were relatively rare. Overall, the coverage presented a less flattering image of teachers than that which emerges from the educational research literature, yet it provided a more balanced presentation of teachers than the extremes of “hero” and “villain” which tend to dominate popular culture. Its portrayal of teachers was generally consistent with that of other news media, with a movement towards a more sympathetic treatment in recent reporting reflecting a trend also identified in contemporary British newspaper coverage. Although the sympathetic coverage did recognize the challenges faced by teachers, it consistently presented teaching as a profession in a negative light. Across the coverage, there was almost a total absence of voices defending teaching or presenting it as an attractive career option. In addition, comments of any type from individual teachers were rare. Overall, the book highlights the need for key media spokespeople in education––politicians, union representatives, bureaucrats and academics––to consider carefully the messages they want to send regarding teachers and teaching. It also points to implications for journalism education and journalism practice. This book should be read by those working in the fields of educational policy, journalism education, media studies, and history of education internationally, particularly those working in these fields in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.


Learning to Teach Young Children

Learning to Teach Young Children

PDF Learning to Teach Young Children Download

  • Author: Anna Kirova
  • Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
  • ISBN: 135003780X
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 265

Learning to Teach Young Children provides you with the tools to critically engage with the key concepts and beliefs in early childhood education theory and practice. The book is organized around ten propositions that are explored in relation to 30 key questions, for example: - What does it mean to honour children's right to be different? - What does it mean to learn? - How can images of childhood be used as frames for practice? Original comic-book style illustrations are used to explore key theoretical concepts in an accessible and engaging way. The book also includes a companion website offering overviews of the key concepts covered in the book, supplementary information and references, reflective questions and case studies to support your learning.


Foundations of Disability Studies

Foundations of Disability Studies

PDF Foundations of Disability Studies Download

  • Author: M. Wappett
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 1137363789
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 264

A collection of eight essays by scholars who have published extensively within the disability studies literature, and who have helped build the field to its current state. Includes contributions from Robert Bogdan, Doug Biklen, Susan Schweik, and more.


Language Diversity in the Classroom

Language Diversity in the Classroom

PDF Language Diversity in the Classroom Download

  • Author: John Edwards
  • Publisher: Multilingual Matters
  • ISBN: 1847692257
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 347

This book provides comprehensive coverage of language contact in classroom settings. Particularly highlighted are the range and implications of attitudes towards languages and dialects - with close attention to nonstandard varieties - studies of Black English, foreign-language teaching and learning, as well as broad consideration of the assumptions and intentions underpinning bilingual and multicultural education.


Leadership of Higher Education Assessment

Leadership of Higher Education Assessment

PDF Leadership of Higher Education Assessment Download

  • Author: Matthew B. Fuller
  • Publisher: Routledge
  • ISBN: 1351180991
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 257

Leadership of Higher Education Assessment provides a comprehensive treatment of leadership theories and helps practitioners integrate this knowledge into their assessment work. Synthesizing leadership theories into manageable concepts relevant to the college and university context, this useful guide supports assessment leaders in addressing complex institutional situations and developing their own unique philosophy of assessment and leadership style. In the face of ongoing challenges such as data accessibility, data security concerns, a shifting accreditation environment, complex politics, and lack of available resources, this book is a critical guide for assessment leaders who want to take command of their practice.


Kids in the Middle

Kids in the Middle

PDF Kids in the Middle Download

  • Author: Marshall Strax
  • Publisher: R&L Education
  • ISBN: 1607098466
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 249

Children with disabilities, their parents, teachers, administrators, advocates, attorneys, and adult educators, all have a key role to play in the micro-politics of special education. The children - in the middle - are pivotal in the growing special education saga. This book brings together people with disabilities and others who advocate for their cause with expertise in special education law, administration, severe and profound disabilities, ethics, foundations, finance, teaching, disability rights, and culture. All these people work together to develop an awareness that beyond the administrative aspects of special education and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are micro-political issues that affect how children with disabilities are educated.--Résumé de l'éditeur.


An Age of Accountability

An Age of Accountability

PDF An Age of Accountability Download

  • Author: John L. Rury
  • Publisher: Rutgers University Press
  • ISBN: 197883229X
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 140

An Age of Accountability highlights the role of test-based accountability as a policy framework in American education from 1970 to 2020. For more than half a century, the quest to hold schools and educators accountable for academic achievement has relied almost exclusively on standardized assessment. The theory of change embedded in almost all test-based accountability programs held that assessment with stipulated consequences could lead to major improvements in schools. This was accomplished politically by proclaiming lofty goals of attaining universal proficiency and closing achievement gaps, which repeatedly failed to materialize. But even after very clear disappointments, no other policy framework has emerged to challenge its hegemony. The American public today has little confidence in institutions to improve the quality of goods and services they provide, especially in the public sector. As a consequence, many Americans continue to believe that accountability remains a vital necessity, even if educators and policy scholars disagree.


Not Alone

Not Alone

PDF Not Alone Download

  • Author: Jason Mayernick
  • Publisher: Rutgers University Press
  • ISBN: 1978825900
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 158

Between 1970 and 1985, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) educators publicly left their classroom closets, formed communities, and began advocating for a place of openness and safety for LGB people in America's schools. They fought for protection and representation in the National Education Association and American Federation of Teachers, as well as building community and advocacy in major gay and lesbian teacher organizations in New York, Los Angeles, and Northern California. In so doing, LGB teachers went from being a profoundly demonized and silenced population that suffered as symbolically emblematic of the harmful “bad teacher” to being an organized community of professionals deserving of rights, capable of speaking for themselves, and often able to reframe themselves as “good teachers.” This prescient book shows how LGB teachers and their allies broadened the boundaries of professionalism, negotiated for employment protection, and fought against political opponents who wanted them pushed out of America's schools altogether.