The Apollo 17 flight and lunar landing, the sixth and final lunar landing and third extended science capability mission in the Apollo Program, are discussed with emphasis on the scientific endeavors conducted on the lunar surface. The scientific investigation of the mission is presented in three interrelated types of activities: the lunar surface sampling and observation, the lunar surface experiments, and the inflight experiments. Collection, documentation, and description of the lunar samples are discussed with a preliminary evaluation and analysis. The lunar surface experiments are described, including the results and their relationship to the scientific objectives of each experiment. The geochemical, photographic, geophysical, topographic, and medical data resulting from experiments conducted in flight are presented.