Necessary Conditions

Necessary Conditions

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  • Author: Geoff Krall
  • Publisher: Taylor & Francis
  • ISBN: 1003842798
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 492

During his years working as an instructional coach for a national network of schools, Geoff Krall had the chance to witness several inspirational moments when math class comes alive for middle or high school students--when it is challenging but also fun, creative, and interactive. In Necessary Conditions: Teaching Secondary Math with Academic Safety, Quality Tasks, and Effective Facilitation, Krall documents the essential ingredients that produce these sorts of moments on a regular basis and for all students. They are Academic Safety, Quality Tasks, and Effective Facilitation. Academic Safety: Krall implements equitable classroom experiences that help fight stigmas associated with race and gender in schools. This allows students to feel socially and emotionally secure while nurturing their identities as mathematicians and increasing engagement during classroom discussions Quality Tasks: Teachers can adapt or create dynamic, student-centered lessons that break down math into small, manageable sections, removing the frustrations felt by students who aren't considered math people Effective Facilitation: This book shows how to incorporate teaching moves and math routines designed for engagement, persistence, and interactivity. Teachers can allow students to explore safely while maintaining consistent classroom expectations My work as a math instructional coach for a network of schools has afforded me the unique opportunity to visit exceptional teachers across the country, documenting their tasks, teaching moves, and academically safe learning environments. You'll experience dispatches from these effective classrooms in which we'll observe how teachers attend to all three elements that make up the ecosystem. -- Geoff Krall from his book, Necessary Conditions


Necessary Conditions of Learning

Necessary Conditions of Learning

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  • Author: Ference Marton
  • Publisher: Routledge
  • ISBN: 1317811941
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 324

Necessary Conditions of Learning presents a research approach (phenomenography) and a theory (the variation theory of learning) introduced and developed by Ference Marton and taken up by his wide and varied following around the world—together with their practical applications in educational contexts. Reflecting Marton’s whole lifetime's work, the unique and significant contribution of this book is to offer an evidence-based answer to the questions "How do we make novel meanings our own?" and "How do we learn to see things in more powerful ways?" The presentation makes use of hundreds of empirical studies carried out in Europe and Asia which build on the theory. The line of reasoning and the way in which the examples are put together is consistent with the theory—it is both presented and applied. The main argument is that in order to learn we have to discern, and to discern the intended ideas we must be presented with carefully structured variation, against a background of invariance. We then go through processes of contrast, generalization, and fusion in order to make sense. These insights form a practical framework for those who design teaching and teaching materials. Necessary Conditions of Learning is a major original work for which scholars of pedagogical theory have been waiting a long time.


Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

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  • Author: B.N. Pshenichnyi
  • Publisher: CRC Press
  • ISBN: 1000105482
  • Category : Mathematics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 248

This book presents a theory of necessary conditions for an extremum, including formal conditions for an extremum and computational methods. It states the general results of the theory and shows how these results can be particularized to specific problems.


Necessary Conditions

Necessary Conditions

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  • Author: Gary Goertz
  • Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
  • ISBN: 9780742519268
  • Category : Philosophy
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 364

This anthology is devoted to the implications of necessary conditions for social science research, logic, methodology, research design, and theory. Rarely is the contrast between the prevalence of a concept in scholarship and its absence in methodology texts so wide. This book presents hundreds of necessary condition hypotheses representing all areas of political science and all methodologies, and authored by many of the most influential political scientists of the last 50 years. This volume brings together under one cover essential work that deals not only with the analysis of common methodological, logical, and research design errors, but also the proper means to analyse the many ramifications of necessary condition hypotheses and theories.


Necessary Conditions

Necessary Conditions

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  • Author: Geoff Krall
  • Publisher:
  • ISBN: 162531146X
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 363

Students do not experience math in a vacuum. The curriculum, the students' social and emotional well-being, and the teacher's expertise as a facilitator must all be attended to, and each interacts with the others. -Geoff Krall Math instruction in high school is often something of a grab bag, with schools jumping from curriculum to curriculum, lacking a guiding vision or continuity between years. No wonder so many students conclude, "I'm not a math person." Geoff Krall thinks that's a problem. And he's devoted his career to fixing it. Necessary Conditions posits for the first time a coherent approach to secondary math pedagogy. Krall identifies three essential elements that will open the door to math for all your students: academic safety, quality tasks, and effective facilitation. Krall takes readers into real middle- and high-school classrooms to see how teachers cultivate these three "necessary conditions." With extensive examples, practical techniques and resources, and insightful analysis, this guide equips teachers to do the following: Design classroom experiences that increase engagement and build all students' identities as mathematicians. Create dynamic, high-quality lessons that include meaningful, efficient assessment. Facilitate routines and discussions that increase all students' access to conceptual mathematics. The biggest drivers of students' math experiences are their teachers. With Krall's guidance, you can help every student come to recognize that they are indeed a "math person."


Necessary Conditions in Dynamic Optimization

Necessary Conditions in Dynamic Optimization

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  • Author: Francis Clarke
  • Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
  • ISBN: 0821835912
  • Category : Mathematics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 113

This monograph derives necessary conditions of optimality for a general control problem formulated in terms of a differential inclusion. These conditions constitute a new state of the art, subsuming, unifying, and substantially extending the results in the literature. The Euler, Weierstrass and transversality conditions are expressed in their sharpest known forms. No assumptions of boundedness or convexity are made, no constraint qualifications imposed, and only weak pseudo-Lipschitz behavior is postulated on the underlying multifunction. The conditions also incorporate a `stratified' feature of a novel nature, in which both the hypotheses and the conclusion are formulated relative to a given radius function. When specialized to the calculus of variations, the results yield necessary conditions and regularity theorems that go significantly beyond the previous standard. They also apply to parametrized control systems, giving rise to new and stronger maximum principles of Pontryagin type. The final chapter is devoted to a different issue, that of the Hamiltonian necessary condition. It is obtained here, for the first time, in the case of nonconvex values and in the absence of any constraint qualification; this has been a longstanding open question in the subject. Apart from the final chapter, the treatment is self-contained, and calls upon only standard results in functional and nonsmooth analysis.


Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

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  • Author: B.N. Pshenichnyi
  • Publisher: CRC Press
  • ISBN: 1000148696
  • Category : Mathematics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 252

This book presents a theory of necessary conditions for an extremum, including formal conditions for an extremum and computational methods. It states the general results of the theory and shows how these results can be particularized to specific problems.


Connectedness and Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

Connectedness and Necessary Conditions for an Extremum

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  • Author: Alexey Abramov
  • Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
  • ISBN: 9401591199
  • Category : Mathematics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 213

The present book is the outcome of efforts to introduce topological connectedness as one of the basic tools for the study of necessary conditions for an extremum. Apparently this monograph is the first book in the theory of maxima and minima where topological connectedness is used so widely for this purpose. Its application permits us to obtain new results in this sphere and to consider the classical results from a nonstandard point of view. Regarding the style of the present book it should be remarked that it is comparatively elementary. The author has made constant efforts to make the book as self-contained as possible. Certainly, familiarity with the basic facts of topology, functional analysis, and the theory of optimization is assumed. The book is written for applied mathematicians and graduate students interested in the theory of optimization and its applications. We present the synthesis of the well known Dybovitskii'-Milyutin ap proach for the study of necessary conditions for an extremum, based on functional analysis, and topological methods. This synthesis allows us to show that in some cases we have the following important result: if the Euler equation has no non trivial solution at a point of an extremum, then some inclusion is valid for the functionals belonging to the dual space. This general result is obtained for an optimization problem considered in a lin ear topological space. We also show an application of our result to some problems of nonlinear programming and optimal control.


Understanding Democracy

Understanding Democracy

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  • Author: Albert Breton
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN: 9780521582360
  • Category : Business & Economics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 302

Democracy has moved to the centre of systemic reflections on political economy, gaining a position which used to be occupied by the debate about socialism and capitalism. Certitudes about democracy have been replaced by an awareness of the elusiveness and fluidity of democratic institutions and of the multiplicity of dimensions involved. This is a book which reflects this intellectual situation. It consists of a collection of essays by well-known economists and political scientists from both North America and Europe on the nature of democracy, on the conditions for democracy to be stable, and on the relationship between democracy and important economic issues such as the functioning of the market economy, economic growth, income distribution and social policies.


An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity

An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity

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  • Author: Joe Y. F. Lau
  • Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
  • ISBN: 1118033434
  • Category : Mathematics
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 215

A valuable guide on creativity and critical thinking to improve reasoning and decision-making skills Critical thinking skills are essential in virtually any field of study or practice where individuals need to communicate ideas, make decisions, and analyze and solve problems. An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better outlines the necessary tools for readers to become critical as well as creative thinkers. By gaining a practical and solid foundation in the basic principles that underlie critical thinking and creativity, readers will become equipped to think in a more systematic, logical, and imaginative manner. Creativity is needed to generate new ideas to solve problems, and critical thinking evaluates and improves an idea. These concepts are uniquely introduced as a unified whole due to their dependence on each other. Each chapter introduces relevant theories in conjunction with real-life examples and findings from cognitive science and psychology to illustrate how the theories can be applied in numerous fields and careers. An emphasis on how theoretical principles of reasoning can be practical and useful in everyday life is featured, and special sections on presentation techniques, the analysis of meaning, decision-making, and reasoning about personal and moral values are also highlighted. All chapters conclude with a set of exercises, and detailed solutions are provided at the end of the book. A companion website features online tutorials that further explore topics including meaning analysis, argument analysis, logic, statistics, and strategic thinking, along with additional exercises and multimedia resources for continued study. An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity is an excellent book for courses on critical thinking and logic at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The book also serves as a self-contained study guide for readers interested in the topics of critical thinking and creativity as a unified whole.