Explaining Russian-German code-mixing

Explaining Russian-German code-mixing

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  • Author: Nikolay Hakimov
  • Publisher: Language Science Press
  • ISBN: 3961103305
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 306

The study of grammatical variation in language mixing has been at the core of research into bilingual language practices. Although various motivations have been proposed in the literature to account for possible mixing patterns, some of them are either controversial, or remain untested. Little is still known about whether and how frequency of use of linguistic elements can contribute to the patterning of bilingual talk. This book is the first to systematically explore the factor usage frequency in a corpus of bilingual speech. The two aims are (i) to describe and analyze the variation in mixing patterns in the speech of Russia German adolescents and young adults in Germany, and (ii) to propose and test usage-based explanations of variation in mixing patterns in three morphosyntactic contexts: the adjective-modified noun phrase, the prepositional phrase, and the plural marking of German noun insertions in bilingual sentences. In these contexts, German noun insertions combine with either Russian or German words and grammatical markers, thus yielding mixed bilingual and German monolingual constituents in otherwise Russian sentences, the latter also labelled as embedded-language islands. The results suggest that the frequency with which words are used together mediates the distribution of mixing patterns in each of the examined contexts. The differing impacts of co-occurrence frequency are attributed to the distributional and semantic specifics of the analyzed morphosyntactic configurations. Lexical frequency has been found to be another important determinant in this variation. Other factors include recency, or lexical priming, in discourse in the case of prepositional phrases, and phonological and structural similarities and differences in the inflectional systems of the contact languages in the case of plural marking.


German Your Complete Guide For German Language Learning

German Your Complete Guide For German Language Learning

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  • Author: Academy Der Sprachclub
  • Publisher: Academy Der Sprachclub
  • ISBN:
  • Category : Foreign Language Study
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 179

Students as well as teachers need first-class learning material that can be implemented on a daily basis and is easy to learn Most people don't have time to study 20 hours per week or let alone have the opportunity to study in Germany. However, you can increase your odds of learning German in less time rather than brooding over exhausting reading material. What is the best way to learn German? In short, by getting a COMPLETE GERMAN WORKBOOK FOR BEGINNERS! Most individuals who want to learn a new language commit similar errors, and this impedes their progress. The issue is that they only adhere to a sole method for learning the language. Studying German grammar by using traditional methods (classroom learning, studying textbooks) can be boring, exhausting, time consuming and expensive. With this book, you can improve your chance of success, because this German workbook has been designed by linguist, language teachers AND former students; together we have designed a practical learning book that is effective as well as practical. This book is a complete learning guide that includes all the aspects of learning the German language. It can be used as a German workbook for beginners and is suitable teachers and students alike. This is an approved German workbook for high school by AEL, it is suitable for a beginners and advanced students (Goethe Institute A1 to B2) A complete German workbook to learn German designed for high school students and Goethe Institute students (German grammar textbook for beginners to advanced students). This book shows you exactly on how to communicate in German and beginners can learn the most popular phrases in German to English. This book includes 4 learning manuscripts: German: A Beginner's Guide to German Language Learning Including German Grammar Textbook German: A Practical Learning Guide - Accelerated Learning Methods in German German Short Stories: 15 Entertaining Short Stories for Beginners Including Audio in German German Phrase Book: 700 Realistic German Phrases for Travelers, Students, and Kids With this book you certainly will improve your comprehension, grow your German vocabulary and learn German grammar without exhausting yourself or becoming overly stressed. Get your copy today!


Semantics and Morphology of Early Adjectives in First Language Acquisition

Semantics and Morphology of Early Adjectives in First Language Acquisition

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  • Author: Sabrina Noccetti
  • Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
  • ISBN: 1443883263
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 495

This book is about how toddlers learn their first adjectives, such as, for example, red, big and tasty. Adjectives denote properties and enter child vocabularies later than words for objects (such as apple and tree) and actions (such as eat and run), probably due to lower frequencies in parental speech and greater conceptual complexity. Adjective acquisition has received relatively little attention in child language research. Furthermore, cross-linguistic studies of adjective learning are virtually non-existent. This book represents the first systematic analysis of how children learning typologically different languages acquire adjective form, function and meaning. The cross-linguistic comparisons undertaken in the book provide valuable insights into universal and language-specific aspects of language acquisition. For each of the languages studied in this volume, the development of adjective semantics is studied in tandem with the development of morphology by testing two hypotheses: (a) the acquisition trajectory in the domain of adjectival morphology is determined by the typological properties of the target language; (b) irrespective of the languages being acquired, adjective learning is facilitated by universal conceptual mechanisms such as comparison and contrast.


The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact

The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact

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  • Author: Evangelia Adamou
  • Publisher: Routledge
  • ISBN: 1351109146
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 560

The Routledge Handbook of Language Contact provides an overview of the state of the art of current research in contact linguistics. Presenting contact linguistics as an established field of investigation in its own right and featuring 26 chapters, this handbook brings together a broad range of approaches to contact linguistics, including: experimental and observational approaches and formal theories; a focus on social and cognitive factors that impact the outcome of language contact situations and bilingual language processing; the emergence of new languages and speech varieties in contact situations, and contact linguistic phenomena in urban speech and linguistic landscapes. With contributions from an international range of leading and emerging scholars in their fields, the four sections of this text deal with methodological and theoretical approaches, the factors that condition and shape language contact, the impact of language contact on individuals, and language change, repertoires and formation. This handbook is an essential reference for anyone with an interest in language contact in particular regions of the world, including Anatolia, Eastern Polynesia, the Balkans, Asia, Melanesia, North America, and West Africa.


Bilingualism and Migration

Bilingualism and Migration

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  • Author: Guus Extra
  • Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
  • ISBN: 3110807823
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 405

Language acquisition is a human endeavor par excellence. As children, all human beings learn to understand and speak at least one language: their mother tongue. It is a process that seems to take place without any obvious effort. Second language learning, particularly among adults, causes more difficulty. The purpose of this series is to compile a collection of high-quality monographs on language acquisition. The series serves the needs of everyone who wants to know more about the problem of language acquisition in general and/or about language acquisition in specific contexts.


Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition

Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition

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  • Author: Jasone Cenoz
  • Publisher: Multilingual Matters
  • ISBN: 9781853595493
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 208

Third language acquisition is a common phenomenon, which presents some specific characteristics as compared to second language acquisition. This volume adopts a psycholinguistic approach in the study of cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition and focuses on the role of previously acquired languages and the conditions that determine their influence.


Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century

Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century

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  • Author: Kassem Wahba
  • Publisher: Routledge
  • ISBN: 1136781633
  • Category : Education
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 512

This landmark volume offers an introduction to the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign or second language. Recent growth in student numbers and the demand for new and more diverse Arabic language programs of instruction have created a need that has outpaced the ability of teacher preparation programs to provide sufficient numbers of well-qualified professional teachers at the level of skill required. Arabic language program administrators anticipate that the increases in enrollment will continue into the next decades. More resources and more varied materials are seriously needed in Arabic teacher education and training. The goal of this Handbook is to address that need. The most significant feature of this volume is its pioneer role in approaching the field of Arabic language teaching from many different perspectives. It offers readers the opportunity to consider the role, status, and content of Arabic language teaching in the world today. The Handbook is intended as a resource to be used in building Arabic language and teacher education programs and in guiding future academic research. Thirty-four chapters authored by leaders in the field are organized around nine themes: *Background of Arabic Language Teaching; *Contexts of Arabic Language Teaching; *Communicative Competence in Arabic; *The Learners; *Assessment; *Technology Applications; *Curriculum Development, Design, and Models; *Arabic Language Program Administration and Management; and *Planning for the Future of Arabic Language Learning and Teaching. The Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in the 21st Century will benefit and be welcomed by Arabic language teacher educators and trainers, administrators, graduate students, and scholars around the world. It is intended to create dialogue among scholars and professionals in the field and in related fields--dialogue that will contribute to creating new models for curriculum and course design, materials and assessment tools, and ultimately, better instructional effectiveness for all Arabic learners everywhere, in both Arabic-speaking and non-Arabic speaking countries.


The Routledge Handbook of Pronouns

The Routledge Handbook of Pronouns

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  • Author: Laura L. Paterson
  • Publisher: Taylor & Francis
  • ISBN: 1003802532
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 535

This original volume provides the first state-of-the-art overview of research on pronouns in the 21st century. With its dedicated sections on grammar, history, and change, language learning/acquisition, cognition and comprehension, power, politics, and identity, The Routledge Handbook of Pronouns shows that contemporary interest in pronouns and gender represents just the tip of the iceberg. Led by Laura Paterson, a transdisciplinary collection of experts discuss the global history of different pronoun systems, synthesize the literature, and contextualize the salient issues and current debates shaping research on pronouns across different spheres and via different theoretical-methodological traditions. The Handbook is designed to encourage readers to engage with a range of perspectives from within and beyond their immediate areas of interest, with the ultimate aim of shaping the future trajectory of interdisciplinary, multiingual research on pronouns. Using data from multiple languages and engaging deeply with the social, cultural, political, technological, and psychological factors that can influence pronoun use, this innovative book will be an indispensable resource to scholars and advanced students of theoretical and applied linguistics, education, and the social and behavioural sciences.


The Mixed Language Debate

The Mixed Language Debate

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  • Author: Yaron Matras
  • Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
  • ISBN: 3110197243
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 331

Mixed Languages are speech varieties that arise in bilingual settings, often as markers of ethnic separateness. They combine structures inherited from different parent languages, often resulting in odd and unique splits that present a challenge to theories of contact-induced change as well as genetic classification. This collection of articles is devoted to the theoretical and empirical controversies that surround the study of Mixed Languages. Issues include definitions and prototypes, similarities and differences to other contact languages such as pidgins and creoles, the role of codeswitching in the emergence of Mixed Languages, the role of deliberate and conscious mixing, the question of the existence of a Mixed Language continuum, and the position of Mixed Languages in general models of language change and contact-induced change in particular. An introductory chapter surveys the current study of Mixed Languages. Contributors include leading historical linguists, contact linguists and typologists, among them Carol Myers-Scotton, Sarah Grey Thomason,William Croft, Thomas Stolz, Maarten Mous, Ad Backus, Evgeniy Golovko, Peter Bakker, Yaron Matras.


Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism

Language Mixing in Infant Bilingualism

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  • Author: Elizabeth Lanza
  • Publisher: OUP Oxford
  • ISBN: 9780199265060
  • Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
  • Languages : en
  • Pages : 428

This book addresses the issue of language contact in the context of child language acquisition. Elizabeth Lanza examines in detail the simultaneous acquisition of Norwegian and English by two first-born children in families living in Norway in which the mother is American and the father Norwegian. She connects psycholinguistic arguments with sociolinguistic evidence, adding a much-needed dimension of real language-use in context to the psycholinguistic studies which have dominated the field. She draws upon evidence from other studies to support her claims concerning language dominance and the child's differentiation between the two languages in relation to the situation, interlocutor, and the communicative demands of the context. She also addresses the question of whether or not the language mixing of infant bilingualism is conceptually different from the codeswitching of older bilinguals, thus helping to bridge the gap between these two fields of study.