And Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- Part 1. Historical and Professional Foundations of Counseling -- 1. History Of and Trends in Counseling -- Definition of Counseling -- History of Counseling -- Current Trends in the New Millennium -- Summary and Conclusion -- Summary Table -- Classroom Activities -- 2. Personal and Professional Aspects of Counseling -- The Personality and Background of the Counselor -- Professional Aspects of Counseling -- Credentialing of Counselors -- Attribution and Systematic Framework of the Counselor -- Engaging in Professional Counseling-Related Activities -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 3. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Counseling -- Definitions: Ethics, Morality, and Law -- Ethics and Counseling -- Professional Codes of Ethics and Standards -- Making Ethical Decisions -- Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making -- Ethics in Specific Counseling Situations -- Multiple Relationships -- Working with Counselors Who May Act Unethically -- The Law and Counseling -- Legal Recognition of Counseling -- Legal Aspects of the Counseling Relationship -- Civil and Criminal Liability -- Legal Issues Involved When Counseling Minors -- Client Rights and Records -- The Counselor in Court -- Ethics and the Law: Two Ways of Thinking -- Summary andConclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 4. Counseling in a Multicultural Society -- Counseling Across Culture and Ethnicity -- Defining Culture and Multicultural Counseling -- History of Multicultural Counseling -- Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling -- Issues in Multicultural Counseling -- Counseling Considerations with Specific Cultural Groups -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 5. Counseling with Diverse Populations -- Aged Populations -- Gender-Based Counseling -- Counseling and Sexual Orientation -- Counseling and Spirituality -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- Part II. Counseling Process and Theories -- 6. Building a Counseling Relationship -- Factors That Influence the Counseling Process -- Types of Initial Interviews -- Conducting the Initial Interview -- Exploration and the Identification of Goals -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 7. Working in a Counseling Relationship -- Counselor Skills in the Understanding and Action Phases -- Transference and Countertransference -- The Real Relationship -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 8. Termination of Counseling Relationships -- Function of Termination -- Timing of Termination -- Issues of Termination -- Resistance to Termination -- Premature Termination -- Counselor-Initiated Termination -- Ending on a Positive Note -- Issues Related to Termination: Follow-up and Referral -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 9. Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories of Counseling -- Theory -- Psychoanalytic Theories -- Adlerian Theory -- Humanistic Theories -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 10. Behavioral, Cognitive, Systemic, Brief, and Crisis Theories of Counseling -- Behavior Counseling -- Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling -- Systems Theory -- Brief Counseling Approaches -- Crisis Counseling Approaches -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- Part III. Core Counseling Activities in Various Settings -- 11. Groups in Counseling -- A Brief History of Groups -- Misperceptions and Realities About Groups -- The Place of Groups in Counseling -- Benefits and Drawbacks of Groups -- Types of Groups -- Theoretical Approaches in Conducting Groups -- Stages in Groups -- Issues in Groups -- Qualities of Effective Group Leaders -- The Future of Group Work -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 12. Consultation -- Consultation: Defining a Multifaceted Activity -- Consultation versus Counseling -- Four Conceptual Models -- Levels of Consultation -- Stages and Attitudes in Consultation -- Specific Areas of Consultation -- Training in Consultation -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 13. Evaluation and Research -- The Nature of Evaluation and Research -- Evaluation -- Counselors and Research -- Research -- Statistics -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 14. Testing, Assessment, and Diagnosis in Counseling -- A Brief History of the Use of Tests in Counseling -- Tests and Test Scores -- Problems and Potential of Using Tests -- Qualities of Good Tests -- Classification of Tests -- Administration and Interpretation of Tests Assessment -- Diagnosis -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- Part IV. Counseling Specialties -- 15. Career Counseling over the Life Span -- The Importance of Career Counseling -- Career Counseling Associations and Credentials -- The Scope of Career Counseling and Careers -- Career Information -- Career Development Theories and Counseling -- Career Counseling with Diverse Populations -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 16. Marriage and Family Counseling -- The Beginnings of Marriage and Family Counseling -- Associations, Education, and Research -- Family Life and the Family Life Cycle -- Marriage /Family Counseling versus Individual /Group Counseling -- Overview of Marriage /Couples and Family Counseling -- The Process of Marriage and Family Counseling -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 17. Professional School Counseling -- The ASCA National Model -- Elementary School Counseling and Guidance -- Middle School Counseling and Guidance -- Secondary School Counseling and Guidance -- Twenty-First Century School Counseling -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 18. College Counseling and Student-Life Services -- The Beginning of Student-Life Services and College Counseling -- The Theoretical Bases and Professional Preparation for Working with College Students -- College Counseling -- Student-Life Professionals -- Counseling and Student-Life Services with Nontraditional Students -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 19. Substance Abuse and Disability Counseling -- Abuse -- Interpersonal Abuse -- Preventing and Treating Interpersonal Abuse -- Intrapersonal Abuse -- Counseling Those with Disabilities -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- 20. Mental Health and Community Counseling -- Historical Overview of Mental Health and Community Counseling -- Mental Health Counseling as a Specialty -- Community Counseling as a Specialty -- Private Practice as a Specialty -- Summary and Conclusion -- Classroom Activities -- Appendix A. Ethical Standards of the American Counseling Association -- Appendix B. Ethics NBCC: The Practice of Internet Counseling -- Appendix C. DSM-IV-TR Classification -- Appendix D. Counseling-Related Organizations.