The complexities and richness of the Chinese civilization, and political system have been a constant source of fascination to scholars and policymakers alike. While its present political structure was established in 1949, China remained isolated and practically out of reach for most of the international community. In its quest for self reliance and "self strengthening," China went from one movement to another, exhausting its resources and people. In 1976, however, a more pragmatic Deng Xiaoping launched the "Four Modernizations" to transform the Chinese economy and improve the quality of life of its people. The present collection of ten essays on Modernizing China discusses crucial issues on: China's economic policies, State-Church relationship, environmental problems, Four Modernizations, role of new economic zones, China's perception of external threat, role of intellectuals, the statue of art policy, and the rights of women in the society. Essays here examine these changes. Will these changes lead to less political repression and the emergence of a tolerant and pluralistic society, or will they strengthen the hardliners in consolidating their power? And what will be the future of China after Deng? These are some of the difficult questions raised by area specialists - hopefully these would generate intellectual debate and interest among the academicians and the policymakers.